阴茎是什么| 银行卡年费是什么意思| 一般什么时候排卵| 烫伤用什么| 因子是什么意思| becky是什么意思| 手指月牙白代表什么| 名媛是什么| 1月16日什么星座| 去医院测血糖挂什么科| 甘油三酯高吃什么药| 骨质密度增高是什么意思| 胃疼适合吃什么食物| 花千骨什么时候上映的| 一穷二白是什么意思| 壁虎的尾巴有什么用| 脱皮缺什么维生素| 心水是什么意思| iga肾病是什么意思| 黑裙配什么颜色的上衣| 化验肝功挂什么科| 白色糠疹用什么药膏| 导演是干什么的| 电商属于什么行业| 五金店卖什么| 吃生姜对身体有什么好处| fsh是什么| 胱抑素是什么| 很困但是睡不着是什么原因| 干事是什么意思| 最亮的星星是什么星| 10月10号是什么日子| 什么肠小道成语| 粉色裤子配什么上衣| 猫爪草有什么功效| 朱砂五行属什么| 红红的什么| 鸡是什么类| 小孩咳嗽吃什么药| 相对湿度是什么意思| 打2个喷嚏代表什么| 丝瓜水敷脸有什么作用| 门槛是什么意思| 溢脂性皮炎用什么药| 为什么女娲是一条蛇| 1999年发生了什么| 毛主席属什么生肖| 橡木色是什么颜色| 奶瓶pp和ppsu有什么区别| 大小便失禁是什么原因造成的| kenwood是什么牌子| 女性喝红茶有什么好处| 1998年属什么生肖| 冬瓜什么时候种植最好| 什么粉一沾就痒还看不出来| 多吃洋葱有什么好处| sport什么品牌| 午马是什么意思| 败血症吃什么药| 莆田系是什么意思啊| 三白眼是什么意思| 老鼠和什么属相最配对| 心口痛挂什么科| 西湖龙井属于什么茶| 受精卵发育成什么| 小囊性灶是什么意思| 什么降血脂效果最好的| 12388是什么电话| 孝庄是康熙的什么人| 头晕恶心想吐挂什么科| 男生适合什么发型| 孙悟空的原名叫什么| 坐疮是什么样的图片| 什么叫血糖| 女人吃榴莲有什么好处| 10月30号是什么星座| 手绘是什么意思| 豌豆淀粉可以做什么| 甜茶为什么叫甜茶| 2型糖尿病吃什么药降糖效果好| 端粒酶是什么| 1977年出生属什么生肖| 妊娠状态是什么意思| 什么是爱呢| 男人忽冷忽热说明什么| 吃什么降胆固醇| 海马是什么动物| 艾草泡脚有什么好处| 胆固醇低吃什么| 发烧不能吃什么东西| 胃不好吃什么好消化又有营养| 手掌有痣代表什么| 班别是什么意思| 能屈能伸是什么生肖| 湿气重喝什么茶好| 白细胞计数偏低是什么原因| 生物闹钟是什么意思| gn是什么意思| 梦见鳄鱼是什么预兆| 时兴是什么意思| 胃复安是什么药| 牙龈肿痛吃什么消炎药| 梦见蟒蛇是什么预兆| 寂寞难耐是什么意思| 鸭吃什么食物| 屁是什么气体| 壬午日五行属什么| 6.5号是什么星座| 尿路感染吃什么药好得快| kelly是什么意思| 耳朵里面痒用什么药| 脑震荡什么症状| 本科和专科有什么区别| 从良是什么意思| 碧潭飘雪是什么茶| 油价什么时候上涨| edg是什么意思| 闫和阎有什么区别| 胆结石不能吃什么东西| 膀胱炎挂什么科| 甘油三酯高是指什么| 心穷是什么意思| 酒酿蛋什么时候吃效果最好| 高字是什么结构| 什么是正太| 乡长是什么级别| 忘不了鱼在中国叫什么| 肝风是什么意思| 小狗呕吐是什么原因| 苡是什么意思| 醛固酮高吃什么降压药| 三岁属什么生肖| ptc是什么| 生理期腰疼是什么原因| 男士内裤买什么牌子好| 肾阴阳两虚吃什么| 俞伯牙摔琴谢知音摔的是什么乐器| 宫颈癌是什么引起的| 痰涎壅盛是什么意思| 身上很痒是什么原因| 荔枝什么时候成熟季节| 降火吃什么药| 5.22是什么星座| 椭圆机是什么| 12580是什么号码| 线人是什么意思| 小孩子手足口病有什么症状图片| 浮肿吃什么药| 腰椎疼痛吃什么药| 主观臆断是什么意思| 宋朝前面是什么朝代| 明前茶和明后茶有什么区别| 四十属什么| 黑绿色大便是什么原因| 什么是脚气| 日月同辉是什么意思| 科伦是什么药| 声东击西是什么意思| 冲任失调是什么意思| 头疼发烧吃什么药| 光棍一条是什么生肖| 偏头痛吃什么药效果好| 喝酒吐血是什么原因| 鹰嘴桃什么时候成熟| 激素六项检查挂什么科| 老九门2什么时候上映| 豸是什么意思| 空调综合征有什么症状| 客片什么意思| 自渎是什么意思| 作息是什么意思| 什么时候喝咖啡能减肥| 十二生肖排第一是什么生肖| 钧什么意思| 梦见蛇是什么意思啊| qid是什么意思| 牛属相和什么属相配| 水瓶座与什么星座最配| 为什么想到一个人会心痛| 邓字五行属什么| 晚上头疼是什么原因| 脾胃虚弱吃什么蔬菜| gp是什么意思| 睡眠不好挂什么科门诊| 齐天大圣是什么意思| 官方什么意思| 胸闷是什么症状| lime是什么水果| 尿酸高可以喝什么饮料| 澄面粉是什么面粉| 寄生茶在什么树上最好| 逍遥丸什么时候吃| 扑感敏又叫什么名字| pfs是什么意思| 高血压用什么药最好| 为什么我的眼里常含泪水| 咽炎吃什么药最管用| 不为良相便为良医是什么意思| 同房子宫疼痛什么原因| 海鲜有什么| 城字五行属什么| 房子风水主要看什么| 胡萝卜吃多了有什么坏处| 头发掉是什么原因引起的| brunch是什么意思| 尿臭是什么原因男性| 蓟类植物是什么| 龙猫吃什么| 食物中毒吃什么| 牛仔裙配什么上衣好看| 人体的三道防线是什么| 退步是什么意思| 月经期喝什么水最好| 2021属什么生肖| 脸一边大一边小是什么原因| 乙肝抗体阴性什么意思| 小孩记忆力差需要补充什么营养| 什么是痉挛| 985大学什么意思| 日光浴是什么意思| 欢子真名叫什么| 达芬奇发明了什么| cg是什么| 科目一和科目四有什么区别| 眼睛闪光是什么症状| 吃马齿菜有什么好处| 肾结石是由什么原因引起的| 什么样的脸型有福| 引狼入室是什么意思| 女性尿里带血是什么原因| 什么叫基因检测| 七月初七是什么节日| pd990是什么金| music什么意思| 怀孕后吃避孕药有什么后果| 河字五行属什么| vintage什么意思| 木代表什么生肖| 更年期出虚汗吃什么药| 什么是贵妇脸| 5月24号是什么日子| 割包皮去医院挂什么科| 辅警和协警有什么区别| 人身体缺钾是什么症状| 筋膜炎是什么| 包面是什么| b型血的人是什么性格| AMY医学上是什么意思| 邮政ems是什么意思| 打嗝多是什么原因| 1936年属什么生肖| 什么情况需要割包皮| 厦门有什么好吃的| 慢性炎伴鳞化是什么意思| 头昏脑涨是什么原因| 什么是gdp| 为什么肚子总是胀胀的| 一个虫一个卑念什么| 鼻炎是什么引起的| 一直吐口水是什么原因| 甲胎蛋白是什么意思| 1117什么星座| 升血小板吃什么药| 腰无力是什么原因| 百度
????

美联储加息释放多重信号

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百度 本组稿件均据新华社

????(Squalene)? ????, ???, ???? ?, ??, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????(C30H50)?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ???D, ???, ?????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??.

????
Skeletal formula of squalene
Spacefill model of squalene
Ball and stick model of squalene
??
???
(6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene[1]
???
3D ?? (JSmol)
3DMet
1728919
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.479
EC ??
  • 203-826-1
KEGG
MeSH Squalene
RTECS ??
  • XB6010000
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C30H50/c1-25(2)15-11-19-29(7)23-13-21-27(5)17-9-10-18-28(6)22-14-24-30(8)20-12-16-26(3)4/h15-18,23-24H,9-14,19-22H2,1-8H3/b27-17+,28-18+,29-23+,30-24+ ??
    Key: YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-AAJYLUCBSA-N ??
  • InChI=1/C30H50/c1-25(2)15-11-19-29(7)23-13-21-27(5)17-9-10-18-28(6)22-14-24-30(8)20-12-16-26(3)4/h15-18,23-24H,9-14,19-22H2,1-8H3
  • CC(=CCC/C(=C/CC/C(=C/CC/C=C(/CC/C=C(/CCC=C(C)C)\C)\C)/C)/C)C
??
C30H50
? ?? 410.730 g·mol?1
??? Pale yellow, translucent liquid
?? 0.858 g cm?3
??? ?5 °C (23 °F; 268 K)[3]
??? 285 °C (545 °F; 558 K) at 3.3 kPa[2]
log P 12.188
?? 12 cP (at 20 °C)
??
NFPA 704 (??? ?????)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondFlammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilHealth code 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
1
0
??? 110 °C (230 °F; 383 K)
?? ??? ??? ????, ????(25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa)?? ??? ??? ???.
?????? ?? (?? ?? ???????? ?)

????? ????

??

1976?? ??(Liu) ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????. ???? 475 μg/g (????)? ?? ?? ?????, ? ??? ?????? 275 μg/g, ? 75μg/g, ?? 42μg/g?? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ??? 6~12% ????? ???? ??.[4]

????? ??

??

1916? ???? ??? ??(肝油)?? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ??, ????? ???? ??? ??? ? 1g? ????.

????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??, ???, ?? ???? ???? ??. ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? 400~450mg/100g? ????? ???? ???? ???? 700mg/100g? ??? ??. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? 30mg ????. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? 400mg? ????? ????. ??? ??? ??(肝油)? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??.

????? ??

??

????? ???(free radicals)? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??. ??, ?? ? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??. ???, ??, ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????. 1997? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????.

????

??

????? ????? C30H50?? ?? trans ??? ??????????. ????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.

?? ???

??

????? ??? ????(C30H50)? ?? ????? ???? C30H62? ??. ? ?? ???? 3?? ??(O2)? ????.

C30H50 (squalene) + 6 H2O (water) → C30H62 + 3 O2 (oxygen)

? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ??.  

[??? ????] ???? [squalene] (?????)

??? ??

??

????? ??? ??? 1968? Rao MK? ???? ?????[5].

1972? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????[6], 1995? ????? ??? ?? ???? singlet oxygen? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????[7].

2001? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????[8]. 2005? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????[9].??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??.

2002? ?? ???? 4? ?? ?? ???? 10g ? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? HDL ??? ????? ?? ???? MDA ??? ???? ?????[10].

?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ????

??

?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????.

  • ???? ???? 5-Fluorouracil? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. 5-FU? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?, ?? ???, ?? ???, ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? 5-FU ? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???[11].
  • ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???, ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????(GSH)? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???[12].
  • ??????????(Cyclophosphamide, CP)? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????. CP? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????(0.4 ml/day/rat)? ?? ????, ???, ???? ??? ??(SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GR)? ???? ????(GSH, Vit.E, Vit.C, ceruloplasmin)? ????? CP? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????[13].
  • ??????????(Cyclophosphamide, CP)? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ?? ??? ???? CK, LDH, AST, ALT, ALP ? ??? urea, creatinine and total bilirubin ? ?????. CP ??? ???? ??? CK, LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, urea, creatinine and total bilirubin ? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? CK, LDH, AST, ALT, ?? ??? ?????. ???? ??, ??, ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ??[14].
  • ??????????(Cyclophosphamide, CP)? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??, ??, ??? ??? ????. CP? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??, ??, ????? ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???[15].
  • ????? Plantinum (Cisplatin, Carboplatin) ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ?? ??????? ??? glutathione peroxidase/glutathione-S-transferase ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???. ??, ??????(neuroblastoma), ????(small cell carcinoma), ?? ??????(medulloblastoma) ???? ?? ???? ???? plantinum????? ???? ??? ???? ???[16].
  • ???????(adriamycin)? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ??. ????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? 1.5%? 21? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???, ?????, ????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???[17].

?? ???? ? ???? ?? ????

??

????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ??.(??? ?, 2000).[18]

  • PCB(polychlorinated biphenyl)? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????. ? PCB? 100mg/kg ??? ?? ?? ?????? 48?? ?? ????? ???(0%, 3%, 6%)? ??? ?? ?????. 3? ? ????, ?, ??? ???? PCB ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? PCB ??? ?????. ? ??? ????? ?? PCB? ? ??? ??? ? ??? ????[19].
  • ?? ?? ?(30 mg/kg)? ????(180 mg/kg)? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??????? ? ??, ????? ???? ????, NO ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????[20].
  • ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? SOD ? ? ????? ?? ????. ????? ???, ?????? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????[21].
  • ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?, ???, ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????[22].
  • ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??, ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??, ???? ???, ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????[23].
  • ???? ????, ???? ??, ?? ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??. CdCl? (5.0 mg/kg)? ????? ?? ? ????? ????? ? ??, ??????? ?? ??, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????(180.0 mg/kg)? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???. ????? ????? SOD ??? ????? ?????? ????? SOD ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????[24].

???? ?? ????

??

????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????.

  • Walter Reed Army Institute of Research?? ??? ??? X-? ?? 15? ?? 2000mg/kg ? ????? ??? X-?? 575 roentgens ? ?????. ????? 60% ? 30? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ?? ?????? 25%? ?????[25].
  • ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? 14? ??, ?? ? 30? ?? 2%? ????? ?????. ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???. ???? ???? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????[26].
  • ????? ??? ??? ????? ???, ??? ??, ?????? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ?? (SOD, CAT, GSH)? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ? 42?? 0.4 ml/kg? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? 3?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. LDH, CPK, AST? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ??(????, ?????, ?????? ??)? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ????[27].
  • ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? ????(80mL/kg)? ???? ?? ? ???, ???, ? ?????, ???? ?????. ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ??, ? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???[28].

??? ?? ??? ??

??

????? ????, ?????(singlet oxygen)? ???(quencher)? ????, ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????(singlet oxygen) ?? ??????(rate constant)?? ? ? ?? ????? ?? 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene(BHT) ? ??? ????. ?? ????? ??? ???(peroxide radicals)? ??? ????? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???[29].

  • 50? ??? ????? 90? ?? 13.5g/day(???), 27 g/day(???)? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ?????(procollagen) ??? ? ???? ?????, ????(facial erythema)? ????? ??? ?????(keratinocyte)? ????(apoptosis)? ? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?????(????), ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????(minimal erythema dose, MED)? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ???? 35%,??? ???? 55%?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???[30].
  • ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??, ?? 10??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??????(EGF)? ?????? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???[31].
  • 10??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? 12?? ???? 10? ?? ????? ?? ??, ??? ? ??? ?, ????????? ??, ????? ??? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ???.[32].

?? ??? ??? ?? ??

??
  • ?? ?? 2% ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???????(isoproterenol)? ???? ????? ????? ?, ???? ???? ??? ALT, AST, LDH, CPK ? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?????(GSH), ????? ??? ??? ??(GPx, GST)? ??, ?????? (CAT, SOD) ?? ?????. ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??[33].
  • ??????? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? 2% ????? ????? ?, ?? ??? ?????? ?? TCA cycle? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????(GSH) ??? ????? ??? ??? ??(GPx, GST) ? ?????? (CAT, SOD)? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ????[34].
  • ????? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ?? ???? 6-hydroxydopamin (6-OHDA)? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??, ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ????? GPx, CAT, SOD ???? ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ? ???? ????? 6-OHDA? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??, ????? ??? ???? ??? ????[35].

????

??

?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ??. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???.

  • ???(Newmark)? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???, ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????[36].
  • ??(Rao) ?? ????? ?????(azoxymethane)?? ??? ??? ????? ???(colonic aberrant crypt foci)? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? 1% ??? ??? ?????? ??(aberrant crypt)? ???? ?? ??? ???(crypt multiplicity)? 46% ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???[37].
  • 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????. NNK? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? 58%, ?? ??? 47% ??????, ? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? 52%, 70% ?????. ?? ????? ??? NNK? ??? ???? ?? ???? NNK? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????[38].
  • ????? ????? ??? ??? ????(Roidex)? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??(tumor)? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???[39].
  • ????? ?? ? ????(pre-neoplastic transformation)? ???? ?? ? ????? ????? ????(aberrant hyperproliferation)? ?????[40].
  • ?????(Chineses hamster)? ???? ???? ??????(sodium arsenite)?? ????????(sister chromatid exchanges)? ????(micronuclei proliferation)? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????[41].
  • ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??(tumor)??? 12-O-?????????? 13-????(12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate)? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?????. ? ???? ?? ???? ????(polyamines)? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??(ornithine decarboxylase, ODC)? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????[42].
  • ?? ??? sarcoma 180? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?, ?????(reticuloendothelial system)? ??, ?? IgM ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????[43].

???? ?? ??

??

????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????.

  • 13?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????(???? 3.6 g, ??????? 3.6 g, ?????? 750mg)? 4?? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ??? ???. ?? ???? ????? IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ??????. ?? ??? ??? ??, ????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ????, ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ????[44].
  • ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? 125?? ???? ??? ??? ???? (100, 200, 400, 600 mg/day) ??? ?????. ????? ????? ?? 600mg? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????, ?? 200-400mg? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ????[45].
  • ???? ???? BioMarine 570? 10?? ??? ????? ?? 9??? 30?? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ??(C1q ??, CD4/CD8 ??, Th1 ??? ?????? ??)?? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???[46].

???

??

????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????????? CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA, HMG CoA) ? ???? HMG CoA? HMG CoA ????? ?? ????(mevalonate)?? ????. ????? ???? ? ??? ??(prenyl group)? ???? ??? ???(farnesyl diphosphate)? ????. ??? ??? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????. ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???.

????

??
  • ?? ??

??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? 0.5ml ? ??? 24?? ??? ??? ???[47].

  • ? ?? ??

??? ?? ???? 0.1ml ? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???[48].

??

??

?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? 3H(????)-squalene 0.1ml ? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ? 10?? ? 3H-????? ??? ??, ??, ??? ?? ???, 30? ?? ??, ??, ???? ???, ??, ????? ??? ???. 3?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??. 6??, 24?? ? ? ???? 3H-????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????.[49].

????? ?????? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? 3H-squalene(??? ??? ????) ? 14C(????)-cholesterol(??? ??? ?????)? ??? ?? ????. 3H-????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????(chylomicrons), ????????(VLDL) ? ???????(LDL), ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????[50]. ?? 3H-squalene ? 14C-cholesterol ?? ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ??? 3H-squalene? 14C-?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????.

??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? 3H-squalene 21%? ???? 3H-sterol? ????? ??? 65%? 2? ?? ???? ?????[51].

?? ??? ??[52]

??

????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ???? MF59? ??? ??? ?? ??? T??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??. ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ???19 ??? ?????? ???. ??? ?????????(gsk)? ?????. GSK? ?? ?? 5? ??? 19 ?? ????? ?? 10?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ? ??.

???? ?? ?? ?? (2023? ??)[53]

??

2023? ???????? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??.

  1. (?)?? 34??
  2. (?)????? 6??
  3. (?)?? 0?
  4. (?)???? 0?

??

??
  1. ↑ (??) ???? - PubChem
  2. ↑ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 8727
  3. ↑ Ernst, Josef; Sheldrick, William S.; Fuhrhop, Juergen H. (1976). “Crystal structure of squalene”. 《Angewandte Chemie》 88 (24): 851. doi:10.1002/ange.19760882414. 
  4. ↑ Boughton B, MacKenna RM, Wheatley VR, Wormall A. Studies of sebum. VIII. Observations on the squalene and cholesterol content and the possible functions of squalene in human sebum. Biochem J. 1957;66(1):32-8, Greene RS, Downing DT, Pochi PE, Strauss JS. Anatomical variations in the amount and composition of human skin surface lipid. J Invest Dermatol. 1970;54(3):240-7
  5. ↑ Rao MK, Achaya KT. Antioxidant property of a cholesterol precursor, squalene. J AM Oil Chem Soc. 1968;45:296
  6. ↑ Kaplan ML, Kellerher PG, Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 1972; 45 :423-436
  7. ↑ Kohno Y, Egawa Y, Itoh S et al. Kinetic study of quenching reaction of singlet oxygen and scavenging reaction of free radical by squalene in n-butanol. Biochem Biophys Acta. 1995; 1256(1): 52-6
  8. ↑ Gurańska N, Lewkowicz P, Urbaniak B, Banasik M et al. The assessment of the effectiveness of the shark liver oil in recurrent aphthous stomatitis treatment: clinical and immunological studies. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2001 Sep;11(63):233-8
  9. ↑ Lewkowicz P, Banasik M, G?owacka E, et al. Effect of high doses of shark liver oil supplementation on T cell polarization and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cell function. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Jun;18(108):686-92
  10. ↑ ??, ???. ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??. ??????? 2002; 6(3):197-203
  11. ↑ Kim JS, Kim JS, Park JS, Choi WS, Choi YB, Kim SJ. The Effect of Squalene on the Cellular Toxicity of 5-Fluorouracil to the Mouse Liver. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 1997;27(2):165-175
  12. ↑ Das B1, Yeger H, Baruchel H, Freedman MH, Koren G, Baruchel S. In vitro cytoprotective activity of squalene on a bone marrow versus neuroblastoma model of cisplatin-induced toxicity. implications in cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer. 2003 Nov;39(17):2556-65.
  13. ↑ Senthilkumar S1, Yogeeta SK, Subashini R, Devaki T. Attenuation of cyclophosphamide induced toxicity by squalene in experimental rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Apr 15;160(3):252-60
  14. ↑ Senthilkumar S1, Devaki T, Manohar BM, Babu MS. Effect of squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. Clin Chim Acta. 2006 Feb;364(1-2):335-42.
  15. ↑ Tarek M.K. Motawi, Nermin A.H. Sadik, Ayat Refaat. Cytoprotective effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid or squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative injury: An experimental study on rat myocardium, testicles and urinary bladder. Food and Chemical Toxicology 48 (2010) 2326–2336
  16. ↑ Marrow Progenitors Against Cisplatin and Carboplatin–Induced Cytotoxicity In Vivo Without Protecting Tumor Growth. Neoplasia (2008) 10, 1105–1119
  17. ↑ Pallavi S, Ganesan B, Anandan R. Beneficial Effect of Dietary Squalene Supplementation on Experimentally Induced Cardiomyopathy in Rats. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 3 (2) Apr – Jun2012, 525-533
  18. ↑ [???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??, ????(??)-- ????? ????? ??????: ????? 2002]
  19. ↑ ?????? ???? ?????, 1997
  20. ↑ Kim JS, Lee YH, Lee JH. Effects of Squalene on Renal Toxicity Induced by Lead Acetate in Proximal Tubules of the Mice. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 2004;34(3):185-197
  21. ↑ Kim SJ. Effects of Squalene on the Mice Hepatotoxicity Induced by Lead Acetate. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 2003;33(3):205-214
  22. ↑ Kim JS, Lee KH. Effects of Squalene in Mouse Kidney with Contaminated Mercury. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 2000;30(4):389-401
  23. ↑ Choi YB, Kim JS, Yoon JS. Effect of Squalene on HgCI2 induced Hepatotoxicity in Mouse. Korean J. Electron Microscopy, 2000;30(2):153-163
  24. ↑ Choi YB, Kim JS, Kim JS, Cho KP, Hwang KY, Park JP. Effects of Squalene on SOD Activity and Histological Changes in Liver Toxicity Induced by Cadmium. Korean J. Electron Microscopy 2002;32(3):231-246
  25. ↑ Cosmetic, Fragrance and Toiletry Association (CTFA). Ability of squalene to protect against radiation injury. 1960 Feb 19. Submission of data by CTFA. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
  26. ↑ Storm HM, Oh SY, Kimler BF, et al. Radioprotection of mice by dietary squalene. Lipids 1993;28:555-559
  27. ↑ REZK, R.G., YACOUB, S.F., ABDEL AZIZ, N. Squalene Modulates Radiation-Induced Structural, Ultrastructural And Biochemical Changes In Cardiac Muscles Of Male Albino Rats. Isotope and Radiation Research; v. 41(4s3); ISSN 0021-1907; CODEN ISRRAC; 2009; p. 1705-1718
  28. ↑ Oh BJ, Dong KR, Park YS, Kweon DC, Jung JE, Goo EH. Comparative analysis on the effects squalene on mice serum when irradiation. J Korean Soc Indoor Environ. 2010:7(1):17-24
  29. ↑ Kohno et al. 1995
  30. ↑ Cho S, Choi CW, Lee DH, Won CH, Kim SM, Lee S, Lee MJ, Chung JH. High-dose squalene ingestion increases type I procollagen and decreases ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in human skin in vivo but is associated with transient adverse effects. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Jun;34(4):500-8. Epub 2009 Apr 14
  31. ↑ Kim JS, Kim JS, Yoon JS, Choi YB, Choi KP, Kim JS, Chung SM. Healing Effect of squalene on the epidermis in burned mouse. Korean J Electron Microscopy 1999;29(2);163-175
  32. ↑ ???, ???, ???. ??? ??? ? ???? squalene? ??. ???????, 10(3):22-31
  33. ↑ Sabeena Farvin KH, Anandan R, Kumar SH, Shiny KS,. Sankar TV, Thankappan TK. Effect of squalene on tissue defense system in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2004 Sep;50(3):231-6
  34. ↑ S. Buddhana, R. Sivakumara, N. Dhandapani, et al. Protective effect of dietary squalene supplementation on mitochondrial function in liver of aged rats. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 76 (2007) 349–355
  35. ↑ Hideaki Kabuto, Tomoko T. Yamanushi, Najma Janjua, et al. Effects of squalene/squalane on dopamine levels, antioxidant enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition in the striatum of Parkinson’s disease mouse model. J.Oleo Sci.62,(1) 21-28 (2013)
  36. ↑ Newmark HL. Squalene, olive oil, and cancer risk: a review and hypothesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997;6:1101-1103)
  37. ↑ Rao CV, Newmark HL, Reddy BS. Chemopreventive effect of squalene on colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:287-290
  38. ↑ Theresa J.Smith, Guang-yu Yang, Darren N.Seril, Jie Liao and Sungbin Kim. Inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanoneinduced lung tumorigenesis by dietary olive oil and squalene. Carcinogenesis vol.19 no.4 pp.703–706, 1998
  39. ↑ Desai KN, Wei H, Lamartiniere CA. The preventive and therapeutic potential of the squalene-containing compound, Roidex, on tumor promotion and regression. Cancer Lett 1996;101:93-96
  40. ↑ Katdare M, Singhal H, Newmark H, et al. Prevention of mammary preneoplastic transformation by naturally-occurring tumor inhibitors. Cancer Lett 1997;111:141-147
  41. ↑ Fan SR, Ho IC, Yeoh FL, et al. Squalene inhibits sodium arsenite-induced sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells. Mutat Res 1996;368:165-169
  42. ↑ Murakoshi M, Nishino H, Tokuda H, et al. Inhibition by squalene of the tumor-promoting activity of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mouse-skin carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 1992;52:950-952
  43. ↑ Ohkuma T, Otagiri K, Tanaka S, Ikekawa T. Intensification of host’s immunity by squalene in sarcoma 180 bearing ICR mice. J Pharmacobiodyn 1983;6:148-151
  44. ↑ Lewkowicz P, Banasik M, G?owacka E, Lewkowicz N, Tchórzewski H. Effect of high doses of shark liver oil supplementation on T cell polarization and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cell function. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Jun;18(108):686-92
  45. ↑ Gonor KV, Pogozheva AV, Derbeneva SA, Mal'tsev GIu, Trushina EN, Mustafina OK. The influence of a diet with including amaranth oil on antioxidant and immune status in patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipoproteidemia. Vopr Pitan. 2006;75(6):30-3.
  46. ↑ Henryk T1, Ewa G, Ma?gorzata B, Przemys?aw L. The effect of alcoxyglycerols, squalene and n-3 fatty acid on some innate immunity parameters in healthy people. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2005 Mar;18(105):303-6.
  47. ↑ CTFA.(April 29, 1971), Submission of data by CTFA. Leberco Labs. Skin irritation
  48. ↑ CTFA.(July 16, 1956), Submission of data by CTFA. Laboratory of Industrial Hygiene. Eye irritation
  49. ↑ ?????? ?. ????? ??? ?? ?? ????. ??? ??. 1982;8(2):533-539
  50. ↑ Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA. Absorption and metabolic fate of dietary 3H-squalene in the rat. Lipids. 1983;18(3):233-8), (Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA. Dietary squalene increases tissue sterols and fecal bile acids in the rat. Lipids. 1983;18(1):32-6), (Tilvis R, Kovanen PT, Mietinen TA. Metabolism of squalene in human fat cells. Demonstration of a two-pool system. J Biol Chem. 1982;257(17):10300-5)
  51. ↑ Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA. Absorption and metabolic fate of dietary 3H-squalene in the rat. Lipids. 1983;18(3):233-8)
  52. ↑ “??? ??, ??? ??..25??? ??? ?? ??”. 20200929050107. 2020? 9? 29?? ???. 
  53. ↑ ???, ??? (2024? 8? 1?). “?? ? ????(??·??????·?????? ?)”. 《????????》. ????????. 2024? 8? 1?? ???. 
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